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星期二, 十月 10, 2006

世界银行公布世界污染最重20城市 中国占13席

张三

在中国国际广播电台主办的政府重点新闻网站“国际在线”上,看到一个题为《世卫组织公布世界污染最重20城市 中国占16席》,并注明“版权均属中国国际广播电台国际在线所有”的文章。好奇查了一下,原来是不完整翻译自10月5日英国《金融时报》署名文章,而且把公布这个污染城市名单的世界银行弄错成世界卫生组织了。

不过这里要说的当然不是剽窃这样在我国司空见惯的芝麻小事,而是这个性命攸关的污染数据。花了点时间查看了世行《世界发展指标2006》的空气污染部分。在调查所涉及的总共110个超过百万人口的各国城市中,如果按照悬浮微粒来排名,空气污染最严重的前20个城市,中国实际占了13个。《金融时报》说16个,可能是计算方式的不同吧。但是且慢松口气:第21个是泰国曼谷;紧接着又是一串我们熟悉的名字:长春、淄博、上海、贵阳、昆明。

列出的中国全部24个城市中,悬浮物指标最好的是大连(55)和乌鲁木齐(57),但是仍然远高于或者高于其他绝大部分欧美亚非拉城市。略举几个:美国纽约是22,英国伦敦是23,日本东京是42,韩国首尔是46。

世界银行《世界发展指标2006》

排名 城市(国家) 悬浮微粒(微克/立方米,2002年数据)

01. 新德里(印度) 177
02. 开罗(埃及) 159
03. 加尔各答(印度)145
04. 天津(中国) 139
05. 重庆(中国) 137
06. 勒克瑙(印度) 129
07. 坎普尔(印度) 128
08. 雅加达(印尼) 115
09. 沈阳(中国) 112
10. 郑州(中国) 108
11. 济南(中国) 104
12. 兰州(中国) 101
13. 北京(中国) 99
14. 太原(中国) 98
艾哈迈达巴德(印度) 98
15. 成都(中国) 95
16. 鞍山(中国) 92
17. 武汉(中国) 88
18. 南昌(中国) 87
19. 哈尔滨(中国) 85

“国际在线”其他部分的翻译没什么大错,也有参考价值,不妨引用一下:

【世界卫生组织(WHO)上周四公布了严格的空气质量指南,该组织称,若执行这一指南,污染最严重城市中因空气污染导致的早死人数可以减少15%之多。

世界卫生组织大幅提高了对空气中微粒的标准,这些微粒主要由燃烧化石燃料而产生。据称,这种微粒是对健康的主要威胁。同时,该组织还建议降低空气中臭氧和二氧化硫的含量。

世界卫生组织公共卫生及环境干事玛丽亚·内拉(Maria Neira)表示:“通过降低空气污染水平,我们可以帮助各国减轻因呼吸道疾病、心脏病和肺癌造成的全球疾病负担。”

据估计,全球每年有约200万人因空气污染而早死,其中超过一半在发展中国家。逾百万例死亡是由烹饪明火产生的室内烟尘所导致的,而有80万例要归咎于交通、工厂和家用燃料造成的室外空气污染。

世界卫生组织表示,把微粒从每立方米70微克降低至20微克,可使死亡人数减少15%。即便是在为减少城市污染做出巨大努力的欧盟(EU),微粒也使人口平均寿命减少了近9个月。

世界卫生组织欧洲空气质量专家迈克尔·克日扎诺夫斯基(Michal Krzyzanowski)上周四表示,在伦敦的夏季,微粒含量一般在每立方米20至25微克。而在亚洲、拉丁美洲和非洲污染最严重的城市,每立方米微粒含量可能超过100微克甚至200微克。】


在看到中国经济高速发展的同时,请一定不要忘记中国的土地和空气和人民,为此付出的沉重代价。

2006.10.9

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附:

英国《金融时报》报道
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/01a140d0-54a7-11db-901f-0000779e2340.html
世界银行《世界发展指标2006》
http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2006
国际在线“文章”
http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/8606/2006/10/08/106@1246552.htm

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Health risk of air pollution is global burden, says WHO

By Frances Williams in Geneva

Published: October 5 2006 20:31 | Last updated: October 5 2006 20:31

The World Health Organisation on Thursday launched stringent guidelines for air pollution that it said could cut pollution-related deaths in the dirtiest cities by as much as a sixth.

WHO has dramatically toughened standards for particulate matter, tiny particles produced by burning fossil fuels, which it says are the main threat to health. It has also lowered limits for ozone and sulphur dioxide.

“By reducing air pollution levels, we can help countries to reduce the global burden of disease from respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer,” said Maria Neira, WHO’s director of public health and the environment.

Air pollution is estimated to cause 2m premature deaths each year, more than half in developing countries. More than 1m deaths are caused by indoor smoke from cooking fires but 800,000 are due to outside air pollution from traffic, factories and household fuel.

WHO said reducing particulate matter from 70 to 20 micrograms per cubic metre could cut deaths by 15 per cent. Even in the European Union, where big efforts had been made to cut pollution in cities, particulate matter cut nearly nine months off the average lifespan.

Michal Krzyzanowski, WHO’s European air quality expert, said on Thursday that in the summertime in London particulate matter levels were typically 20-25 micrograms per cubic metre. But in the most polluted cities in Asia, Latin America and Africa they could exceed 100 or even 200 micrograms per cubic metre.

The World Bank ranks the Indian capital, New Delhi, as the world’s most polluted city, followed by Cairo, Kolkota and Tianjin in China, which has 16 cities in the top 20. London is in 91st place.

WHO said a wide range of measures was needed to cut air pollution to safer levels, including changes in transport policies, relocation of industry, tighter vehicle regulations and so on.

But there were actions that could have a rapid and significant impact, such as the ban on coal burning in Dublin and previously in London, and in New Delhi the conversion of rickshaw taxis from two-stroke petrol engines to liquefied natural gas.

Dr Krzyzanowski said studies in Europe had shown that the health and economic benefits of cutting air pollution exceeded the costs as much as tenfold.

Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2006

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